期末考试英语记叙文写作指导

期末考试英语记叙文写作指导

期末考试英语记叙文写作指导

　　记叙文是记人叙事的文章，它主要是用于说明事件的时间、背景、起因、过程及结果，即我们通常所说的五个" W "( what, who, when, where, why )和一个" H "( how )。记叙文的重点在于"述说"和"描写"，因此一篇好的记叙文要叙述条理清楚，描写生动形象。下面就谈谈英语记叙文的特点和写好记叙文的基本要领。

　　一、记叙文的特点

　　1. 叙述的人称

　　英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过"我"来传达给读者，使人读后感到真实可信，如身临其境。如：

　　The other day, I was driving along the street. Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast. I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side. But it was too late. The car hit my bike and I fell off it.

　　用第三人称叙述，优点在于叙述者不受"我"活动范围以内的人和事物的限制，而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者，直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前，文章的客观性很强。如：

　　Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard. On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover. Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short. What could he do? Then he had a good idea.

　　2. 动词的时态

　　在记叙文中，记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高，且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的，这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化，正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。

　　3. 叙述的顺序

　　记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙，都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作，较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙，读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果，让所叙之事跌宕起伏，使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃，从而为文章所吸引，深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当，则容易弄巧成拙，使文章结构散乱，头绪不清，让读者不知所云。

　　4. 叙述的过渡

　　过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如：

　　In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things. Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao. It is really a beautiful city. There are many places of interest to see. But what impressed me most was the sunrise.

　　The next morning I got up early. I was very happy because it was a fine day. By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red. In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing. The sun was very red, not shining. It rose slowly. At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball. At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright.

　　What a moving and unforgettable scene!

　　5. 叙述与对话

　　引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述，可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态，使记叙生动、有趣，使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果：

　　I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something. Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front. I thought maybe someone was knocking the door. I asked who it was but I heard no reply. After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor. I realized it was the cat. I felt released.

　　这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字，但经作者这么一写，就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式，没有人物语言，把"悬念"给冲淡了。可作如下调整：

　　I was in the kitchen cooking something. "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front. Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply. After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor. "Its you." I said, quite released.

　　二、写好记叙文的.基本要领

　　1. 头绪分明，脉络清楚

　　写好记叙文，首先要头绪分明，脉络清楚，明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析，弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程，然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个" W "和一个" H "有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些" W "和" H "，但动笔之前，围绕五个" W "和" H "进行构思是必不可少的。

　　2. 突出中心，详略得当

　　在文章的框架确定后，对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍，应该从表现文章主题的需要出发，分清主次，定好详略。要突出重点，详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节，略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化，使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题，也需要一定的技巧。如：

　　One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children. They have not eaten for days." I took some food with me and went.

　　When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger. There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger.

　　I gave the rice to the mother. She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice. When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors - they are hungry also!"

　　3. 用活语言，准确生动

　　记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动，又要表现力强，这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动，其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。

　　原文：

　　One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away. He was soon lost among people and traffic. He could not find the way back home and started crying. Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying. They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened. Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived. The two students decided to take him home. Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound. She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didnt take it. She served them with tea but they left.

　　修改后：

　　The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street. After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home. But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic. When he could not find the way home, he started and crying. Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop. They immediately went up to him.

　　"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked.

　　"I want Mom, I go home." said the boy, still crying.

　　"Dont worry, well send you home."

　　And they spent the next two hours looking for the boys house. With the help of a policeman, they finally found it.

　　When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house. Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea.

　　一、初中英语写作的重要性

　　英语新课标要求初中生的英语写作达到五级能力水平，即：能运用词汇描述事物行为和特征，说明概念等；能根据要求写简单的书信，便条，通知等；能按要求转述所听、所读的内容；能为图片提供简单的文字说明，并能表达自己的观点。

　　英语书面表达能反映学生的英语基础知识是否扎实，能否灵活运用英语来表达，体现了初中生综合运用英语的能力，反映出初中生的英语水平。学生要提高英语写作水平，写出合乎英语思维的文章，老师要如何做，如何指导呢？

　　二、学生在书面表达中普遍存在的问题

　　笔者在所任教班级的英语教学过程了归纳了学生写作时常犯的一些错误，主要表现在以下几个方面：

　　（一）中文式英语

　　由于受到母语干扰，学生在写作中会出现句型语序错误和汉语式的英语。最大的问题之一就是词对词翻译。学生因为没有理解和掌握单词或短语的真实含义和用法，在写作时很容易出现按中文字面含义找对等的英文单词，并且按汉语的思维和表达习惯去写英语的错误。这样的例子有很多，如：表述“网上购物很方便”时，学生这样写We are convenient to do some shopping on the internet.是错误的（正确的是Its convenient for us to do some shopping on the Internet.）

　　（二）由基础知识和英语应用能力的限制所造成的问题

　　（1）单词拼写错误。如：把difference写成diference；happily被写成happyly等等。这种错误在学生写作中存在的范围比较广，产生的原因是学生在记单词的时候不动脑子，死记硬背。

　　（2）学生在英语写作中出现最多的'是语法错误，主要有以下几种：

　　1. 词类的混用。如形容词和副词的混用，人称代词的主格与宾格的混用，动词和名词的混用，定冠词和不定冠词的混用，形容词性物主代词和词性物主代词的混用等。如：We careful listened to the teacher in class.（正确的为副词carefully）；He had some difficult learning Chinese. （正确的为名词difficulty）。

　　2. 动词时态，语态，语气等结构错误；非谓语动词的用法辨析不清。如：Our environment is polluting seriously（语态错误）等。

　　3. 搭配错误。如： I spent many hours to prepare for the Math test； I like play the piano，其他如：under the help of；see a book；eat the medicine 等。

　　4. 名词单复数、动词单复数、主谓语不一致。Mary with her parents have gone to America. have应该改为has。

　　（三）内容不连贯，衔接生硬；不会用关联词，语序混乱。无统筹安排。写到哪里，就停在哪里。

　　（四）书写混乱，卷面潦草。大小写、标点符号错误，缺少冠词。

　　三、具体策略与措施

　　（一）进行系统的基本语法知识教

　　帮助学生学习掌握初中九大词类及其用法；掌握最基本的句子成分，会对英语句子进行成分分析；能正确地运用英语中最基本的八种时态；掌握初中最基本的五种句子类型：简单句、并列句、复合句、状语从句、宾语从句等。

　　（二）抓好背诵，积累素材，培养学生形成正确的语感

　　“熟读唐诗三百首，不会做诗也会吟。”英语也是如此。背诵能培养学生形成正确的语感，有利于他们养成自然流利而正确的表达。一些重要的文段、实用性强的范文如每个单元中Section B的3a就是很好的写作范文，应该要求学生背诵，记住一些重要短语、谚语，并坚持听写重点单词，短语和重点句式。

　　（三）重视口头作文训练

　　通常采取以下方式：小组讨论，回答问题，叙述事实，让学生根据关键词复述文章，让学生回顾上节课的主要内容，让学生畅谈这节课中学到了什么等，紧紧围绕课文内容对学生进行口头训练。

　　（四）鼓励学生阅读英语课外读物

　　在平时的学习中可以要求学生阅读适合初中生的一些简单易懂的英语课外读物，多做英语短文的阅读理解，慢慢自然养成用英语思维的习惯，在进行英语写作中，就能避免写出中国式的英语，达到“入乡随俗”的效果。

　　（五）教学过程中有意识培养学生的写作能力

　　首先，教师在教学中应注重培养学生扎实的语言基本功，要求学生务必掌握学过的词汇和语法。一个不记词汇，不懂得英语语法的学生是不可能用完整的语言来表达自己的思想的。其次，教师还应充分利用教材section B中的3a，抓住有利时机指导模仿写作，这也是一项很好的培养学生写作能力的训练。

　　（六）教给学生正确的写作方法

　　把正确的写作方法灌输给学生，他们碰到任何写作题时才能不慌阵脚。以下是七步法。

　　第一步、细心审题 细读题中每一项提示或观察每一幅画，弄清题意，确定写作体裁和要点。

　　第二步、理顺要点 标出要点，按事件先后顺序或各要点之间内在联系排序，分出层次。

　　第三步、构成框架 将理顺的要点或每幅图画的含义加以连贯，构成写作的整体框架，进一步定人称、定时态语态、定开头结尾。

　　第四步、组织句子 用自己最熟悉的短语或句型将理顺的要点逐句表达出来，多用简单句，用有把握的复合句。遇到表达障碍，换一种说法，将一句变成两、三句。

　　第五步、串句成篇 将写好的句子连贯地组织起来，适当采用递进、让步、转折、因果等关联词语，使短文层次分明，过渡自然。

　　第六步、检查修改 注意人称、大小写、拼写有无错误，要点有无遗漏，文句有无语病，词数是否恰当，行文是否连贯。

　　老师帮助学生找到他们各自存在的问题，有针对性的使用文中提到的措施去指导，学生加以配合，按照老师提出的要求去做，提高写作水平是容易实现的。